Anxiety is a general feeling of fear, apprehension or anticipation of danger from unknown or imagined sources. It can trigger a range of unwanted behaviours. Anxiety can occur after an event that has caused fear or due to unrelated environmental changes. It can be in response to something specific or more generalised.
Longer-term anxiety can lead to other behaviour abnormalities, such as toileting in the home and aggression. An adult owner should always supervise dogs that have shown signs of anxiety. It’s important to seek veterinary advice as soon as possible; anxiety can worsen with time and have a severe effect on both the pet and owner's quality of life.
Causes and risk
Common factors associated with anxiety include:
Inadequate socialisation: If puppies are not exposed to different situations, people, or animals during their socialisation period, or the interactions are negative, they can develop fears of them.
Genetics: Some dogs, like herding and toy breeds, can have a genetic predisposition.
Previous trauma or negative experiences: A previous event can trigger long-lasting fears. This can range from something that seems insignificant to serious events.
Health problems: being unwell, especially when pain is involved. This is more common in senior dogs due to chronic pain (arthritis) and reduced cognitive function.
Other influences: inadequate nutrition, sudden household changes (such as a new pet or new home), and boredom can also contribute.
Symptoms
Pacing, restlessness and panting
Drooling
Trembling or shaking
Yawning and lip-licking
Vocalising
Destructive behaviour: such as chewing, scratching or inappropriate toileting
Loss of appetite and weight loss
Poor skin condition
Compulsive behaviour: excessive licking, chewing paws or tail-chasing
Aggressive behaviour: snapping, growling or biting may result
Diagnosis
Your vet will usually start by investigating potential medical causes. This may include
A physical examination to check for any abnormalities, including pain
Blood and urine tests
Sampling of any skin lesions
Heart scan and electrocardiogram
Imaging: MRI, X-rays or ultrasound
Once medical conditions have been investigated and treated, the next step is to address behavioural causes. It’s best to speak with a behaviour specialist to help identify underlying causes.
Treatment
Early intervention is best. Treatment varies based on the underlying cause and may involve medications, nutraceuticals, adjustments to the home environment, and guidance from a veterinarian and a qualified behaviourist. Behaviourists will make a specific behavioural modification plan for your dog.
Give your dog a safe space at home, somewhere they can retreat when stressed. Put their favourite blankets, toys and chews in their safe space and plug in a pheromone diffuser nearby.
Try to identify and avoid specific triggers until a management plan is in place.
Ensure adequate physical exercise, mental stimulation, and undisturbed sleep.
During episodes of anxiety, speak to your dog in a calm, soothing voice. Offer gentle stroking or petting, but only if your dog seeks or welcomes it.
Focus on positive reinforcement and reward calm behaviour when your dog does not react to stressful situations. Avoid punishment; this can lead to a worsening of the problem.
What to expect
Behavioural issues in dogs require time, patience, and perseverance. These problems are rarely resolved quickly or easily, and ongoing management is often necessary throughout a dog’s life. Treatments are recommended alongside a behaviour plan to give the best outcome. Consulting a qualified behaviourist at the earliest opportunity is highly recommended.
With time and effort, some behavioural issues can improve, although complete resolution is uncommon. In certain cases, rehoming the pet may be the best option for the animal's and owners' well-being. Unfortunately, in severe cases—particularly those involving aggression—euthanasia may need to be considered.
Prevention
It’s not always possible to prevent anxiety. You can help by providing adequate socialisation, positive training techniques, and keeping a consistent routine.
Ensure your dog has enough calm time, sleep, and mental and physical stimulation. This includes puzzle toys, exercise, and daily attention.
Always supervise young children around pets.
Never handle your dog inappropriately or punish them.
Ensure your dog receives regular check-ups with your local vet at least once a year to monitor their health and detect potential illnesses.