Anxiety is a general feeling of fear, apprehension, or anticipation of danger from unknown or imagined sources. It typically triggers reactions and unwanted behaviours associated with fear. Anxiety can occur after an event that has caused fear or due to unrelated environmental changes. It can be in response to something specific or more generalised.
Longer-term anxiety can lead to other behaviour abnormalities, such as toileting in the home, overgrooming and aggression. It’s important to seek veterinary advice as soon as possible; anxiety can worsen with time and have a severe effect on both the pet and owner's quality of life. Urinary blockages in male cats are linked to stress and anxiety, a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate treatment.
Causes and risk
Cat behaviour is strongly linked to early influences and exposure. Common factors associated with anxiety include:
Health problems: being unwell, especially when pain is involved. Common diseases include arthritis, dementia, hyperthyroidism, neurological diseases, urinary problems and chronic skin disease.
Inadequate socialisation: If kittens are not exposed to different situations, people, or animals during their socialisation period, or the interactions are negative, they can develop fear and anxiety.
Genetics: Some cats can have a genetic predisposition to behavioural issues. They can also learn this from their mother's health and behaviour.
Previous trauma or negative experiences: A previous event can trigger long-lasting behavioural issues. This can range from something that seems insignificant to serious events.
Sudden changes in environment or routine: moving home, new pets, loud noises, etc.
Conflict between cats in or out of the home. Cats often don’t like sharing their space and resources.
Other influences: poor nutrition, lack of exercise or mental stimulation, lack of key resources, and social interaction can also contribute.
Symptoms
Pacing and restlessness
Trembling or shaking
Vocalising
Hiding and withdrawn
Destructive behaviour: such as spraying, scratching or inappropriate toileting
Loss of appetite and weight loss
Poor skin condition
Compulsive behaviour: excessive licking/grooming
Urinary problems: cystitis and blockages
Aggressive behaviour: hissing, growling, swatting or biting may result
Diagnosis
Your vet will usually start by investigating potential medical causes. This may include:
A physical examination to check for any abnormalities, including pain
Blood and urine tests
Sampling of any skin lesions
Heart scan and electrocardiogram
Imaging: MRI, X-rays or ultrasound
Once medical conditions have been investigated and ruled out, the next step is to address behavioural causes. It’s best to speak with a behaviour specialist to help identify underlying causes.
Treatment
Early intervention is best. Treatment varies based on the underlying cause and may involve medications, adjustments to the home environment, and guidance from a veterinarian and a qualified behaviourist.
Try to identify any triggers and avoid them where possible until speaking to a vet.
Ensure your cat has a safe space to hide in when stressed; somewhere up high is ideal. Put their favourite toys and blankets in this area and a pheromone diffuser can also help.
Make sure they are getting enough physical exercise and mental stimulation.
During episodes of anxiety, speak to your cat in a calm, soothing voice. Offer gentle stroking or petting, but only if your cat seeks or welcomes it.
Focus on positive reinforcement when your cat does not react to stressful situations. Avoid punishment; this can lead to a worsening of the problem.
Advise visitors or strangers to give your cat space, move slowly around it, and avoid approaching or touching the cat unless it initiates contact.
What to expect
Behavioural issues require time, patience, and perseverance. These problems are rarely resolved quickly or easily, and ongoing management is often necessary throughout a cat’s life. Treatments are often recommended together, such as medication alongside a behaviour plan, to give the best outcome. Consulting a qualified behaviourist at the earliest opportunity is highly recommended.
With time and effort, some behavioural issues can improve, although complete resolution is uncommon. In certain cases, rehoming the pet may be the best option for the animal's and owners' well-being. Unfortunately, in severe cases—particularly those involving aggression—euthanasia may need to be considered.
Prevention
It’s not always possible to prevent anxiety. You can help by providing adequate socialisation, positive training techniques, and keeping a consistent routine.
Ensure your cat has enough mental and physical stimulation, including puzzle toys, exercise and daily attention. This is especially important for indoor cats.
Always supervise young children around pets.
Never handle your cat inappropriately or punish them. Never restrain your cat, and give them space. Some cats prefer not to be touched or patted. Let them come to you.
Ensure your cat receives regular check-ups with your local vet at least once a year to monitor their health and detect potential illnesses.
Make sure your cat has all the key resources they need for a happy and healthy life. For multi-cat homes, it’s important each cat has their own space and resources.